A neurosurgical simulation of skull base tumors using a 3D printed rapid prototyping model containing mesh structures. Schwartz AL, Money K, Spangehl M, et al.: Office-based rapid prototyping in orthopedic surgery: a novel planning technique and review of the literature. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 40(4):626–31. A prototype hybrid gypsum-based 3D printed training model for CT-guided spinal pain management. Preece D, Williams SB, Lam R, Weller R: “Let’s get physical”: advantages of a physical model over 3D computer models and textbooks in learning imaging anatomy. 3D-rendered images: Which is better for preoperative planning? J Surg Educ, 2016 Zheng YX, Yu DF, Zhao JG, Wu YL, Zheng B: 3D printout models vs. Kong Matsumoto JS, Morris JM, Foley TA, et al.: Three-dimensional physical modeling: applications and experience at mayo clinic. Javan R, Herrin D, Tangestanipoor A: Understanding spatially complex segmental and branch anatomy utilizing 3D printing: liver, lung, prostate, coronary arteries, and circle of Willis. Mitsouras D, Liacouras P, Imanzadeh A, et al.: Medical 3D printing for the radiologist. Ventola CL: Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses. Two different methods are discussed for the key segmentation and 3D reconstruction steps, by either using professional commercial software, i.e., Materialise Mimics, or utilizing a combination of the widely available software Adobe Photoshop, as well as a freeware software, OsiriX Lite. This model was then 3D printed with polyamide through a commercial online service. Autodesk 3D Studio Max, available through freeware student/educator license, was used to three-dimensionally trace the 3D reconstructed CNs in order to create smooth graphically designed CNs and to assure proper fitting of the CNs into their respective neural foramina and fissures. The bony skull base was also reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) data. In this technical note, after manually perfecting the segmentation of each CN and brain stem on each SSFP-MRI image, initial 3D reconstruction was performed. The complex neuroanatomy of the CNs may be better understood and depicted by the use of highly customizable advanced 3D printed models. It comprises a variety of automated manufacturing techniques, which use virtual 3D data sets to fabricate solid forms in a layer-by-layer technique. The emerging technologies in rapid prototyping or 3D printing overcome this limitation. However, we are still limited by visualization on flat screens. High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) visualization can now quickly be performed at the workstation. Steady-state free precession (SSFP) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can demonstrate details down to the cranial nerve (CN) level.
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